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1994-05-02
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<text>
<title>
Egypt: Economy
</title>
<article><hdr>The World Factbook 1993: Egypt
Economy</hdr><body>
<p>Overview: Egypt has one of the largest public sectors of all
the Third World economies, most industrial plants being owned by
the government. Overregulation holds back technical
modernization and foreign investment. Even so, the economy grew
rapidly during the late 1970s and early 1980s, but in 1986 the
collapse of world oil prices and an increasingly heavy burden of
debt servicing led Egypt to begin negotiations with the IMF for
balance-of-payments support. Egypt's first IMF standby
arrangement concluded in mid-1987 was suspended in early 1988
because of the government's failure to adopt promised reforms.
Egypt signed a follow-on program with the IMF and also
negotiated a structural adjustment loan with the World Bank in
1991. In 1991-92 the government made solid progress on
administrative reforms such as liberalizing exchange and
interest rates but resisted implementing major structural
reforms like streamlining the public sector. As a result, the
economy has not gained momentum and unemployment has become a
growing problem. In 1992-93 tourism has plunged 20% or so
because of sporadic attacks by Islamic extremists on tourist
groups. President MUBARAK has cited population growth as the
main cause of the country's economic troubles. The addition of
about 1.4 million people a year to the already huge population
of 60 million exerts enormous pressure on the 5% of the land area
available for agriculture.
</p>
<p>National product: GDP - exchange rate conversion - $41.2
billion (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product real growth rate: 2.1% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>National product per capita: $730 (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Inflation rate (consumer prices): 21% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Unemployment rate: 20% (1992 est.)
</p>
<p>Budget: revenues $12.6 billion; expenditures $15.2 billion,
including capital expenditures of $4 billion (FY92 est.)
</p>
<list>
<l>Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., FY92 est.)</l>
<l> commodities: crude oil and petroleum products, cotton yarn,
raw cotton, textiles, metal products, chemicals</l>
<l> partners: EC, Eastern Europe, US, Japan</l>
<l>Imports: $10.0 billion (c.i.f., FY92 est.)</l>
<l> commodities: machinery and equipment, foods, fertilizers,
wood products, durable consumer goods, capital goods</l>
<l> partners: EC, US, Japan, Eastern Europe</l>
</list>
<p>External debt: $38 billion (December 1991 est.)
</p>
<p>Industrial production: growth rate 7.3% (FY89 est.); accounts
for 18% of GDP
</p>
<p>Electricity: 14,175,000 kW capacity; 47,000 million kWh
produced, 830 kWh per capita (1992)
</p>
<p>Industries: textiles, food processing, tourism, chemicals,
petroleum, construction, cement, metals
</p>
<p>Agriculture: accounts for 20% of GDP and employs more than
one-third of labor force; dependent on irrigation water from the
Nile; world's sixth-largest cotton exporter; other crops
produced include rice, corn, wheat, beans, fruit, vegetables;
not self-sufficient in food for a rapidly expanding population;
livestock - cattle, water buffalo, sheep, goats; annual fish
catch about 140,000 metric tons
</p>
<p>Illicit drugs: a transit point for Southwest Asian heroin
and opium moving to Europe and the US; popular transit stop
for Nigerian couriers; large domestic consumption of hashish
and heroin from Lebanon and Syria
</p>
<p>Economic aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-89), $15.7
billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral
commitments (1970-88), $10.1 billion; OPEC bilateral aid
(1979-89), $2.9 billion; Communist countries (1970-89), $2.4
billion
</p>
<p>Currency: 1 Egyptian pound (#E)=100 piasters
</p>
<p>Exchange rates: Egyptian pounds (#E) per US$1 - 3.345
(November 1992), 2.7072 (1990), 2.5171 (1989), 2.2233 (1988),
1.5183 (1987)
</p>
<p>Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June
</p></body></article></text>